Five human‑made “megatrends” that will continue to dominate and frustrate global efforts to put the world on a more sustainable and prosperous path have been identified.
In a new report, the United Nations Economist Network is warning that unless urgent policy interventions to influence them are taken immediately, the world should be bracing for turbulent days ahead.
Chief economists in the UN system jointly identified climate change and nature degradation, inequalities, urbanisation, rapid population changes and technological revolution as the five “megatrends” that will shape our world over the course of this century.
Whether their impact is positive or negative overall will depend on the policies implemented today, the report authors say.
The report, “Shaping the Trends of Our Time”, finds that five years into the implementation of the Sustainable Development Agenda, progress is already off-track and, in many instances may have even been reversed by the COVID-19 crisis.
Policy commitments have not translated into policy actions. Sustainable finance is increasing, but neither fast enough nor at the necessary scale.
“The change in our behaviour and mindsets does not yet match our ambitions for sustainable development.”
In the report that was issued on the eve of the 75th UN General Assembly, the UN Economist Network is calling for a new, holistic way of designing policies in the 75 years to come.
It argues for greater cooperation across seemingly unrelated areas, such as digitalisation, urban planning and energy production, traditionally too often approached in isolation. The current deficiencies – or outright failures – in policies, the report authors warn, will inevitably result in negative impacts of megatrends.
Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Mukhisa Kituyi, who contributed to the report says “this is the moment for the world to come together to confront the ‘megatrends’ highlighted in this report through forward-looking policies that are fit for purpose.’’
Adding, he says, ‘’a better and fairer society can emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic if global coordinated action is taken to address the fragilities within and among nations to ensure prosperity for all.”
Without an overhaul of the current disjointed policymaking, the achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, the 15-year global objectives to improve the lives of people everywhere, is highly unlikely, according to the report.
Head of the UN Department for Economic and Social Affairs, Liu Zhenmin, that led the report preparation says “decades in the making, these megatrends cannot be easily undone or changed in any significant way in the immediate term. But they are the result of human activity, and therefore they can be shaped over time by consistent policies.”
For example, decades of sustained and targeted policies have contributed to one of our lifetime’s biggest shifts in megatrends: the drastic changes in the world population.
From a peak of 2% in the 1960s, average annual growth of the global population has slowed down to 1% at present and is expected to cease entirely by the end of the century.
The associated decrease in fertility rates can support greater gender equality, as women spend less of their lives in childbearing and childcare roles. On the other hand, rapid population ageing raises concerns about constraints on innovation, productivity and macroeconomic dynamism.
Such inter-linkages, the new report argues, need to be carefully considered in policy design, not only within one megatrend, but across all of them. “Because each megatrend also affects the other megatrends, policy interventions in one area can generate positive and mutually reinforcing impacts in another”, says Liu Zhenmin.
For example, urbanisation brings together all the factors necessary for technological innovation and productivity gains.
Though urban centres generate most global greenhouse gas emissions and close to half of all waste, proper planning and control can overcome the damages to the environment and contribute to equity and sustainability.
Managing these trade-offs is just as important as boosting co‑benefits, the report argues.
Technological innovation and digitalisation, for instance, have clearly accentuated income inequalities, especially in the time of online learning and remote work. And climate change can reinforce rural-urban migration by displacing hundreds of millions of people from coastal areas and from lands hit by drought.
The report stresses that international cooperation, and the UN, have a crucial role in framing the responses to the global megatrends, by encouraging domestic political consensus for sustained action.
The UN can also assist in mobilising the global support needed for individual countries, particularly those with fewer resources.
The following UN entities however contributed to the report: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA); the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE); the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
Among them are the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA); UNCTAD; the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO); the International Labour Organisation (ILO); the International Telecommunication Union (ITU); the International Trade Centre (ITC); and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women).
Others include the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat); the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO); the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD); the United Nations University (UNU); and the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO).
